Depuis 1999, seuls deux pays sur
trois ont interdit la violence domestique, tandis que 37 pays dans le monde
continuent d’exempter les auteurs de viol s’ils sont mariés ou épousent
éventuellement la victime. 49 pays n’ont actuellement aucune loi protégeant les
femmes de la violence domestique. Il est moins connu que le 25 novembre,
journée internationale contre les violences faites aux femmes, célèbre la
mémoire des sœurs Mirabal, militantes féministes et démocrates assassinées par
le dictateur dominicain Rafael Trujillo.
Origine du mouvement féministe en République Dominicaine
L’origine du mouvement féministe
organisé en République Dominicaine souligne les interactions entre les
questions de genre, de race et de classes. Il s’origine dans les contacts entre
des femmes de la classe moyenne éduquée dominicaines et états-uniennes durant
la première occupation de la République Dominicaine par les États-Unis entre
1916 et 1924. Ce sont ces interactions que Clara Palmiste explore à l’occasion
du 46e colloque annuel de l’Association des historiens de la Caraïbe
(2014) (Palmiste, 2014) en soulignant notamment le
lien entre luttes féministes et luttes d’indépendance nationale.
Trujillo et les sœurs Mirabal
L’histoire des sœurs Mirabal
illustre cette intrication. Les sœurs Mirabal – Patria (née en 1924), Minerva
(née en 1926) et Maria Teresa (née en 1935), ainsi que Belgica Adela, dite
Dede, qui ne participa pas directement à leur aventure – sont issues de la
classe moyenne et reçoivent une bonne éducation dans la République Dominicaine
dirigée par le dictateur Rafael Trujillo de 1930 à 1961.
Ce dernier, en plus d’être un
dictateur particulièrement sanguinaire et mégalomane, au point de rebaptiser Ciudad
Trujillo la capitale, était un prédateur sexuel à la réputation si établie que
les familles dominicaines essayaient de cacher leurs filles à ses yeux quand il
se déplaçait dans le pays.
Ayant remarqué les filles Mirabal
et particulièrement Minerva, de l’avis général la plus belle et la plus
charismatique, il invite la famille à une réception en 1949. Cette dernière ne
peut refuser ; mais, alors que Trujillo danse avec Minerva, elle le gifle
devant toute l’assemblée. Il est presque étonnant que la famille puisse alors
rentrer chez elle vivante. Peu de temps après, le père Mirabal fut jeté en
prison et torturé. Minerva dut venir s’excuser devant Trujillo pour obtenir la
libération de son père. Elle obtint aussi de pouvoir s’inscrire à la Faculté de
Droit de Santo Domingo, ce qui était alors interdit aux femmes.
Par vengeance, Trujillo refusa
qu’elle puisse passer en deuxième année avant qu’elle ne prononce un discours
public de louange à son égard et en 1957, alors qu’elle avait été reçue avec
les honneurs, il interdit qu’elle puisse exercer la profession d’avocat.
Le Mouvement révolutionnaire du 14 juin
Pendant ses études, Minerva
rencontre Manolo Tavárez Justo, militant anti-impérialiste et anti-trujilliste
qu’elle épouse en 1955. Le couple mène une active campagne pour libérer son
pays de Trujillo sans s’aligner sur les États-Unis, rejoint par de nombreux
militants, dont deux sœurs de Minerva, Patria et Maria Teresa, qui rejoignent
la lutte avec leurs époux.
Suite à la victoire de la
Révolution cubaine le 1er janvier 1959, des militants du Mouvement
de Libération dominicain soutenu par le nouveau régime cubain débarquent le 14
juin 1959 dans le nord de la République Dominicaine, mais ils sont rapidement
défaits par les troupes trujillistes.
Cet échec pousse les militants
démocrates de l’intérieur à se rassembler dans un mouvement unique, le Movimiento
Revolucionario 14 de Junio (1J4) dont Manolo Tavárez et Minerva Mirabal
sont les deux figures emblématiques. Le 1J4 programme un attentat contre
Trujillo à l’occasion d’une fête agricole, mais le jour avant l’action prévue,
le 21 janvier 1960, le SIM, le service de renseignement trujilliste, opère une
grande rafle parmi les militants du 1J4, emprisonnant de nombreux militants
dont les trois sœurs Mirabal et leurs maris.
Les emprisonnements et les
tortures contre des militants anti-trujillistes, pour beaucoup issus de
familles aisées proches du régime, provoquent un électrochoc dans la société
dominicaine qui s’éloigne de plus en plus de Trujillo. La lettre pastorale de
janvier 1960 des évêques dominicains, qui signe la rupture entre Trujillo et
l’Église catholique, et les tentatives de Trujillo d’assassiner le président
vénézuélien Romulo Betancourt, poussent de nombreux pays de l’hémisphère américain
à commencer par les États-Unis présidés par John F. Kennedy, à ne plus soutenir
le régime trujilliste. Suite aux sanctions internationales, Trujillo est obligé
de libérer de nombreuses militantes du Mouvement du 14 juin, mais garde les
hommes en prison.
L’assassinat
![]() |
La Fotaleza San Felipe de Puerta Plata |
Le 25 novembre 1960, les trois sœurs Mirabal sont autorisées à rendre visite à leurs maris emprisonnés dans la Fortaleza San Felipe de Puerta Plata au nord de la République Dominicaine. Sur le chemin du retour des agents trujillistes les arrêtent sur une route isolée de la Cordillère centrale. Les trois sœurs et leur chauffeur sont battus à mort et leurs assassins tentent de maquiller le crime en accident de voiture. La nouvelle déclenche une vague d’indignation dans toute la République Dominicaine.
Six mois plus tard, le 30 mai 1961, un groupe d’officiers assassine Trujillo avec le soutien implicite des États-Unis. Cette mort ouvre une période troublée où la brève période démocratique sous la présidence de Juan Bosch est brutalement interrompue par un putsch de militaires anti-communistes puis une guerre civile qui se conclut avec la deuxième occupation de la République Dominicaine par les États-Unis entre 1965 et 1966 et le retour de Joaquín Balaguer, Président en titre de la République Dominicaine au moment de l’assassinat de Trujillo.
Postérité des sœurs Mirabal
En juillet 1981, la première
rencontre féministe d’Amérique latine et de la Caraïbe à Bogotá proclame le 25
novembre « Journée internationale de non-violence envers les
femmes », étendant ainsi leur renommée à toute l’Amérique latine.
En 1994, l’écrivaine Julia
Alvarez publie en anglais, In the Time of the Butterflies (Algonquin
Books), un roman historique narrant l’histoire des « Sœurs
papillons » en reprenant le point de vue de Minerva Mirabal. Ce roman
d’une des auteures américaines d’origine dominicaine les plus renommées fit
connaître cette histoire aux États-Unis. Cette même année, la maison natale des
trois sœurs est convertie en musée sous l’égide de la Fondacion Hermanas
Mirabal dirigée par Dédé Mirabal, la dernière survivante.
Le 8 mars 1997, à l’occasion de
la première Journée internationale des femmes suivant le départ définitif de Balaguer
du pouvoir, l’un des deux obélisques ornant le Malecon de Santo Domingo est
repeint avec le portrait des trois sœurs. Cet obélisque avait été érigé à
l’origine par Trujillo pour célébrer la fin de la tutelle des États-Unis sur
les douanes de la République Dominicaine et le retour à la pleine souveraineté.
En 1999, l’Assemblée générale de
l’ONU proclame le 25 novembre « Journée internationale contre les
violences de genre ».
Le 25 novembre 2000 les restes
des trois sœurs sont transférés dans le jardin de la Maison-Musée des Sœurs
Mirabal qui devient officiellement une annexe du Panthéon de la Patrie
dominicain et un monument en leur honneur est érigé.
En 2007, leur province de
naissance, Salcedo, est rebaptisée Provincia de Hermanas Mirabal.
En 2001, le réalisateur
espagnol, Mariano Barroso, réalise un téléfilm reprenant le roman de Julia
Alvarez dans lequel Salma Hayek joue le rôle de Minerva et en 2010, le film Trópico
de Sangre, dirigé le réalisateur dominicain Juan Delancer, reprend
l’histoire des sœurs Mirabal en s’appuyant sur le témoignage de Dédé Mirabal.
Pour aller plus loin
Conférence sur Manioc
Palmiste, Clara, L'élaboration d'une pensée féministe sous domination : le cas de la République dominicaine dans les années 1920, 2014 : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V15007
Ouvrages
Alvarez, Julia. In the Time of the Butterflies. Algonquin
Books, 1994. (trad. : Au temps des papillons. Métailié, 2003.)
Manley, Elizabeth S. The Paradox of Paternalism : Women and the Politics of
Authoritarianism in the Dominican Republic. University Press of Florida,
2017.
Maier, Elizabeth, et Nathalie Lebon. Women’s
Activism in Latin America and the Caribbean : Engendering Social Justice,
Democratizing Citizenship. Rutgers University Press, 2010.
Vargas Llosa, Mario. La fiesta
del Chivo. Alfaguara,
2000. (trad. : La Fête au Bouc. Gallimard, 2000)
Articles
Puleo, Gus. « Remembering and
Reconstruction the Mirabal Sisters in Julia Álvarez’s “In the Time of the
Butterflies” ». Bilingual Review /
La Revista Bilingüe, vol. 23, no 1,
Bilingual Press / Editorial Bilingüe, 1998, p. 11‑20.
Robinson, Nancy P. « Origins of the
International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women: The Caribbean
Contribution ». Caribbean Studies,
vol. 34, no 2, Institute of Caribbean Studies, UPR, Rio
Piedras Campus, 2006, p. 141‑61.
Hall, Michael R. « The Transition from
Dictatorship to Democracy in the Dominican Republic ». Journal of Third World Studies, vol. 23,
no 1, University Press of Florida, 2006, p. 13‑16.
Films
Barroso, Mariano. In the Time of the Butterflies. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM),
Showtime Networks, Ventanarosa Productions, 2004.
Delancer,
Juan. Tropico de Sangre. Kemasi Films, 2010.
Voir aussi :
Site officiel de la maison natale des trois sœurs convertie en musée, la Casa Museo Hermanas Mirabal : http://casamuseohermanasmirabal.com
FV
75 commentaires:
Incredible and relevant post. I am also a blogger. But these awesome tips are really working while writing a blog. Appreciate it for sharing your knowledge.
Hello, I am Mukesh panda and I work for a moving company in India, AssureShift. Here we provide verified moving services to our customers at an affordable price. We always focus on the safety and quality of the relocation by providing verified movers with standard packing materials. We are serviceable in PAN India. Now we have started our relocation services in Patna, India. Hirin the best packers and movers Patna will be much easier with AssureShift.
Hi there to every one, the contents present at this website are truly amazing for people experience,
well, keep up the good work fellows.
content writing services in delhi
Nice Blog Here we provide verified moving services to our customers at an affordable price
Great Blog
Shifting24x7 is a top packer mover for shifting and relocation services, warehousing services, commercial relocation, and office shifting services in Bangalore and all over India.
Learning online embroidery digitizing doesn't have to be difficult, and it definitely shouldn't feel like a huge investment of time and money. It's actually an easy and inexpensive hobby to jump into! To get started, you only need a basic pattern for beginners and a few supplies.
L'histoire est vraiment ancienne et toujours intéressante à lire. Merci pour le blog. :) Digitizing
I saw this blog on Origin of the feminist movement in the Dominican Republic and i have bookmark this site May our expertise and experience work in your favour for providing the best Content Writing Services Delhi
Merci pour le blog. :)
You can hire top packers and movers in Patna for Home,office and furniture shifting with best charges quotes through LogisticMart
Wow Perfect Blog Informations. This website is very useful and informative and this blog really helpful for everyone.highly recommened. We are providing excellet quality best embroidery digitising and vector art services at lowest cost with superfast turnaround. We use 3D secured payment method Paypal. We offer multiple features as well.We can convert any of your logo, design, image, artwork, screenshot, or any of other design file into your embroidery machine file format.
Digitizings #1 Best Online Embroidery Digitizing Services & 3D Logo Digitizing
Online Customize Embroidery Digitising Services
machines embroidery digitizing services/
embroidery machines embroidery digitizing business blogs
get free quote for embroidery digitizing
5 Best Machine Embroidery Threads Brands
Embroidery Digitizing In House Vs Outsource Best Comparison
Converting An Image To An Embroidery File Format
What is Embroidery Digitizing Service?
5 Best Embroidery Software For Windows & Mac
it's amazing post thanks for sharing the useful content
Absolute Digitizing are service provider and working on JPG to PES and PNG to PES converter for embroidery digitizing with affordable prices.
Wow Excellent! Thanks for sharing wonderful share. Its really informative and useful post. I appreciate your good information. This blog really helpful for everyone. Your article has proved your hard work and experience you have got in this field. Brilliant
I appreciate your good information. This blog really helpful for everyone. best flooring stores near me Colleyville Tx
packers and movers bill for claim Bangalore
packers and movers bill
Bet big if you plan to double your wager each time you win at Reviews Betiton Canada company. Do you have to raise your wager after each hand you lose? Take the risk. Do you have to increase your bet every time until it's four, five, ten, or twenty times what it was initially? No club can stop you till you attain your potential. Despite all of that, you can still get the okay to execute it.
This is helpful... Thanks for sharing... sheetrock drywall
This failure pushes the democratic militants of the interior to gather in a single movement.
Anton from Clarksville Drywall Contractors
Thanks for sharing, nice blog. There are several well-known benefits of wearing and using crystals. Why not go to crystal shops near me and get your own crystals?
Thanks for Sharing Post
This is a really sad case, thanks a lot for bringing light to it even after so many years have passed. I would like to recommend the best mobile car detailing in mesa
The latter could not refuse; but, as Trujillo dances with Minerva, she slaps him in front of the entire assembly. It is almost amazing news for www.columbusdrywallpros.com that the family can then return home alive.
we buy homes indianapolis IN 46201 and all surrounding areas in Indiana. If you need to sell your house fast in Indiana, connect with us… we’d love to make you a fair no-obligation no-hassle offer.
calling us today at (317) 537-135
Nice information thanks for sharing.
In addition to being a particularly bloodthirsty and megalomaniac dictator, to the point of renaming the capital Ciudad Trujillo, was a sexual predator with such an established reputation that Dominican families and Concrete contractors tried to hide their daughters from his eyes when he moved around the country.
Mandy
Such a wonderful image. Looks really cool! dishwasher repair
Nice! I was looking for this info around the web and finally found it. Thank you for sharing. bathroom remodeling in colleyville texas
Are you searching for Social Media Marketing Services to promote your brand on social media channels? Hire Reussite Technology- A Leading Best Social Media Marketing Services in California for top-quality social media marketing services at very low prices!
Nice blogg thanks for posting
There are the Best Private Colleges in Dwarka, Delhi that offer quality education and are well-known for their academic excellence. These are 6 best private colleges in Dwarka, Delhi-
https://dekhocampus.com/news/6-best-private-colleges-in-dwarka-delhi/
Such a nice blog . True balance is a loan app, if you are looking for Instant loan without documents
Visit – True balance
Are you looking for the Top 10 Colleges near Rohini?- India’s Rohini neighbourhood is a residential area in the North West district of Delhi. It is one of the most prominent residential areas in the city and was developed by the Delhi Development Authority (DDA). The region is named after the star “Aldebaran” in the heavenly body Taurus, known as Rohini in Hindu folklore.
Website Link - https://dekhocampus.com/news/top-10-colleges-near-rohini/
Top 20 Private Colleges in Gurugram 2023: There are several chances for individuals to pursue higher education in Gurugram, a thriving city in India’s Haryana province. Gurugram’s private colleges have developed a reputation for fostering excellence in education because of a concentration on high-quality instruction, cutting-edge facilities, and industry-focused programmes.
https://dekhocampus.com/news/top-20-private-colleges-in-gurugram-2023
Such a great article thanks for sharing. If you are looking for small loan
you can visit to Stashfin
It's a wonderful Blog and Thank you Sharing, I find it very interesting and well thought out and put together. if you’re a looking for a loan app
Visit- True Balance
The legacy of the Mirabal sisters is both haunting and inspiring. I remember reading "In the Time of the Butterflies" during my college years, and it left a deep impression on me about the resilience and courage of women in the face of tyranny. Their sacrifice not only reshaped the Dominican Republic but has also become a beacon of hope for women's rights activists worldwide.
The courage and resilience of the Mirabal sisters have left an indelible mark on history and serve as a powerful reminder of the sacrifices made in the fight for justice and equality. I remember reading "In the Time of the Butterflies" during a college course, and it deeply moved me, shedding light on the horrors faced by these brave women. Their legacy stands not just as a testament to their strength, but as a beacon for all those who continue the fight against gender violence and oppression.
Hello, The materials found on this website are genuinely impressive in enhancing the user experience. Keep up the excellent work, my friends!"
We are offering high quality online embroidery digitizing and vector art conversion services at an affordable price with quick turnaround.
This novel by one of the most renowned American authors of Dominican origin made this story known in the United States. drywall service drywall company detroit
Thanks for sharing , such an amazing post. True balance is a loan application, provides personal loan apps india. You can get a hassle free loan without giving your documents and without wasting your time. Must Visit - Truebalance
This blog serves as a tribute to their indomitable spirit and unwavering dedication to justice. It explores the ongoing impact of their legacy, shedding light on the continued fight against gender-based violence, not just in the Caribbean but around the world.
bankrupcy attorney near me
This novel by one of the most renowned American authors of Dominican origin made this story known in the United States.
Greetings from all of us at www.drywallwinstonsalem.com
Le texte traite de l'histoire des sœurs Mirabal, militantes féministes en République dominicaine, et de la Journée internationale contre les violences faites aux femmes célébrée le 25 novembre en leur mémoire. https://www.paramountsealcoating.com
On this International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, let us honor the Mirabal sisters not just for their bravery, but for their enduring impact. We can all play a role in building a world where women and girls live free from fear and violence.
Nice Word. I liked your article very much. Thank you!
APL India Packers and Movers as the best packers movers in Kolkata provide 100% safe house shifting, office shifting, bike moving, and car transportation services to the customers. Our basic objective is to provide the best management
Executive security services in New York are specialized security solutions tailored to the protection and safety of high-profile individuals, executives, dignitaries, and VIPs. These services are provided by professional security companies with experienced personnel trained to address the unique security needs of their clients. Here are key considerations when seeking executive security services in New York:
Absolutely, on the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, it's crucial to remember and honor the bravery and enduring impact of the Mirabal sisters, who fought against violence and oppression. Their story serves as a powerful reminder of the ongoing struggle for gender equality and the importance of standing up against violence and discrimination.
I'm glad to hear that you found the information about manioc informative! Manioc, also known as cassava, is a versatile and widely consumed crop in many parts of the world. If you have any specific questions or would like to learn more about manioc or any related topics, feel free to ask, and I'd be happy to provide more details or answer any queries you may have.
DDMS (Direct Mail Marketing & Fulfillment Services) is a company that offers a comprehensive range of services related to direct mail marketing and fulfillment. This type of service can be valuable for businesses looking to streamline their marketing efforts and efficiently reach their target audience. Here are some of the key services typically offered by DDMS and similar companies:
Comment ces projets ou activités intègrent-ils les connaissances traditionnelles et les pratiques locales dans la promotion de la résilience? Visit our Telkom University
You're welcome! I'm glad to hear that the Lake Tahoe's Best Campsites article was helpful and well-received. Lake Tahoe is such a beautiful destination, and having information about the best campsites can make the experience even more enjoyable for visitors. If you have any more questions or need assistance with anything else, feel free to reach out. Happy camping!
When it comes to pricing for mailing lists, it's essential to find a balance between affordability and quality. Here are some factors to consider to ensure that your pricing makes sense:direct mail network llc
Thank you for your positive feedback! I'm glad to hear that you found the Lake Tahoe's Best Campsites article helpful. Lake Tahoe is indeed a stunning destination, and providing information about the best campsites can enhance visitors' experiences and help them make the most of their time in the area. If you have any more questions or need assistance with anything else related to camping, travel, or any other topic, don't hesitate to reach out. Happy camping, and enjoy your time in Lake Tahoe!
When selling your house quickly, it's important to do your due diligence and research each buyer or company carefully. Make sure to verify their credentials, reputation, and track record before entering into any agreements. Additionally, consider consulting with a real estate attorney or professional to ensure that the transaction proceeds smoothly and all legal requirements are met.sell my house fast virginia
Thanks for sharing this blog.. I really like it
Cloud Backup Pricing
Data Protection
https://www.homeappliancerepairs.in/
Thanks for sharing this blog.. I really like it
Amazon Branding
Brand Positioning
What's even more remarkable is the way you manage to distill complex concepts into easily digestible nuggets of wisdom, making your blog accessible to readers of all backgrounds and interests. It's rare to find a blog that strikes such a perfect balance between depth and readability, but you've managed to do just that. Keep up the incredible work!
art gallery Naples FL
Your blog is insightful and enriching. Thank you for sharing valuable content. If you are looking for instant loan app you can visit Stashfin.
مؤسسة الخير لعزل الاسطح بالرياض لتقديم حلول فعالة لمنع تسرب المياه وتحقيق العزل الحراري.
شركة عزل اسطح بالرياض
تتميز شركة صقور الجزيرة بأنها الخيار الأمثل عندما يتعلق الأمر بخدم ات تسليك المجاري بالدمام، حيث تضمن الجودة والموثوقية في الأداء والنتائج.
افضل شركة تسليك مجاري بالدمام
يُظهر الاستعانة بشركة تنظيف في الرياض كلين الرياض أنها خيار حكيم للعديد من الأفراد والشركات.
ارخص شركة تنظيف بالرياض
Engaging, informative, and insightful content. Thank you for sharing valuable knowledge that enriches and inspires readers. If you are looking for best hair straightener in india you can visit Mr. Barber
Patria, Minerva, and Maria Teresa Mirabal, affectionately known as "Las Mariposas" (The Butterflies), were fearless activists who dared to challenge the oppressive regime of Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic during the mid-20th century. Their unwavering commitment to justice and freedom made them targets of the regime's brutality, culminating in their brutal assassination on November 25, 1960.
dui lawyer prince william va
dui en virginia
Very Interesting and valuable blog thanks for sharing. If you are looking for hair curler you can visit Mr. Barber
Incredible and relevant post. But these awesome tips are really working while writing a blog. Appreciate it for sharing your knowledge.
Their story is both tragic and inspiring, deserving of being known and honored.
How to find a cheap divorce lawyer? Don't let high legal fees add stress to an already difficult situation. Explore our guide on finding affordable legal representation for your divorce. Start your search today and secure quality assistance without breaking the bank.
Fantastic and pertinent post! As a fellow blogger, I find these excellent tips incredibly useful for writing. Thank you for sharing your expertise. Online Embroidery Digitizing
nice blog post . very informative content
Amazing article. Thanks for sharing.
The smartphone application called LendingKart was created specifically for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It works like a loan app.
Great and insightful post! As a fellow blogger, I find these excellent tips extremely helpful for my own writing. Thanks for sharing your expertise.
Thanks for such informative content. To know more about personal loan visit Stashfin.
Interesting blog.....Instant loan app are among the best financial services offered by True Balance, a sme loan app.
The death of the Mirabal sisters was indeed another sad tale on violence against women and minorities which should be frowned upon by all means.
Thanks for sharing this insightful post! If you are looking for Instant Personal Loan you can visit Stashfin.
True Balance is the ideal loan app for students, offering easy and secure access to financial support for your education. With our streamlined application process, you can focus on your studies while we handle the rest.
In the dimly lit atelier, shelves were adorned with intricate alchemical emblems and ornate occult diagrams, each meticulously embroidered onto rich patchwork fabrics. The Memory Arts practitioner sat hunched over her latest creation, stitching symbols that held ancient secrets into the fabric, weaving forgotten spells into every thread. As the needle danced across the embroidered patch Material, memories long buried began to surface, intertwining with the mystical designs and breathing life into the enigmatic tapestry before her. Each embroidered patch became a gateway, capturing the essence of lost knowledge and transforming it into a tangible masterpiece of magic and artistry.
Enregistrer un commentaire